Personalized medicine

Personalized medicine, also referred to as precision medicine, is a medical model that separates people into different groups—with medical decisions, practices, interventions and/or products being tailored to the individual patient based on their predicted response or risk of disease.^[1] The terms personalized medicine, precision medicine, stratified medicine and P4 medicine are used interchangeably to describe this concept,^[1]^[2] though some authors and organizations differentiate between these expressions based on particular nuances.^[2] P4 is short for "predictive, preventive, personalised and participatory".^[2]

While the tailoring of treatment to patients dates back at least to the time of Hippocrates,^[3] the usage of the term has risen in recent years thanks to the development of new diagnostic and informatics approaches that provide an understanding of the molecular basis of disease, particularly genomics. This provides a clear biomarker on which to stratify related patients.^[1]^[4]^[5]

Among the 14 Grand Challenges for Engineering, an initiative sponsored by National Academy of Engineering (NAE), personalized medicine has been identified as a key and prospective approach to "achieve optimal individual health decisions", therefore overcoming the challenge to "engineer better medicines".^[6]^[7]

^ ^a ^b ^c Stratified, personalised or P4 medicine: a new direction for placing the patient at the centre of healthcare and health education (Technical report). Academy of Medical Sciences. May 2015. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Many names for one concept or many concepts in one name?". PHG Foundation. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
^ Egnew TR (1 March 2009). "Suffering, meaning, and healing: challenges of contemporary medicine". Annals of Family Medicine. 7 (2): 170–5. doi:10.1370/afm.943. PMC 2653974. PMID 19273873.
^ "The Case for Personalized Medicine" (PDF). Personalized Medicine Coalition. 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
^ Smith R (15 October 2012). "Stratified, personalised, or precision medicine". British Medical Journal. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
^ Lesko LJ (June 2007). "Personalized medicine: elusive dream or imminent reality?". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 81 (6): 807–16. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100204. PMID 17505496. S2CID 17860973.
^ "Grand Challenges - Engineer Better Medicines". www.engineeringchallenges.org. Retrieved 3 August 2020.

[AcMedSci-1] Stratified, personalised or P4 medicine: a new direction for placing the patient at the centre of healthcare and health education (Technical report). Academy of Medical Sciences. May 2015. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2016.

[PHGdef-2] "Many names for one concept or many concepts in one name?". PHG Foundation. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2015.

[3] Egnew TR (1 March 2009). "Suffering, meaning, and healing: challenges of contemporary medicine". Annals of Family Medicine. 7 (2): 170–5. doi:10.1370/afm.943. PMC 2653974. PMID 19273873.

[PMC-4] "The Case for Personalized Medicine" (PDF). Personalized Medicine Coalition. 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2016.

[5] Smith R (15 October 2012). "Stratified, personalised, or precision medicine". British Medical Journal. Retrieved 6 January 2016.

[Lesko_2007-6] Lesko LJ (June 2007). "Personalized medicine: elusive dream or imminent reality?". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 81 (6): 807–16. doi:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100204. PMID 17505496. S2CID 17860973.

[EC_2020-7] "Grand Challenges - Engineer Better Medicines". www.engineeringchallenges.org. Retrieved 3 August 2020.

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